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IRSHAD ALI SOLANGI
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HIGHLIGHTS: 👉| Sea – Sand | Heritage – Culture – History – Architecture | 3 World Heritage Sites by UNESCO | Walled City of Lahore | Lahore Fort | Badshahi Mosque | Indus Civilization | Harappa | Derawar Fort – Cholistan Desert | Tomb of Javindi Bibi – Uch Sharif | Tomb of Seven Sisters – Rohri | Mohenjodaro | Makli Necropolis – Thatta | Chaukandi Tombs | Karachi (1st Largest City of Pakistan) | Unique Faces of People |
Economic prosperity and material culture
A probable solution to this paradox may be sought in the econ- omic phenomenon called a ‘Rush’. Modern history has seen a ‘Rice Rush’, a ‘Gold Rush’ and a “Tobacco Rush’. More recently. the ‘Sugar-cane Rush’ necessitated the mass import of labour from abroad and now the ‘Petroleum Rush’ in the Gulf states has ab- sorbed an enormous number of technically competent workers from overseas, with a resultant pace of progress in the host coun- tries but also creating quite a few problems.
An ‘Economic Rush’ can better be understood from the pre- ceding analogies than defined in a precise way. It is a complex phenomenon that has both good and bad effects in disturbing the balance of cultural inertia. The leap of the Early Harappan culture to its mature phase of the Indus Valley Civilization may be at- tributed to the first such economic phenomenon ever experienced in human history. The commodity vitally involved in precipitating this change was most probably cotton.
As cotton seeds have been found in the organic matter col- lected from deposits of the sixth millennium ac at Mehrgarh. and these are indeed the earliest samples found so far anywhere in the world, there is ample reason to believe that this plant was native to this part of the Indus basin, and was possibly ‘domesticat- ed’ in those early millennia for its fibres. The utility of the fibre once discovered, its cultivation might have progressively increased. The produce, either in raw form or in spun yarns, probably found its way to the neighbouring areas, and among them to the fairly advanced communities of Iran and Mesopotamia.
The attractions of cotton yarn, no doubt, must have been spontaneous, and the commercial demands colossal. However, the small, loosely knit communities of the Kot Dijian period growing their cotton plants in small plots in the backyards of their
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were unable to supply all the demands pouring in from abroad. Something had to be done quickly. It was not simply a question of calling the whole village together and telling the people to grow more cotton. It was a social and cultural revolution for massive agricultural activities, something to be achieved by collective good- will and a proper division of labour. It also required vast stretches of fertile land, not the small coves and fertile patches of the Gomal or Bolan rivers. It induced the small farming communities to colo- nize the vast ‘prairie’ lands along the Indus and the Hakra and other rivers in between. The small, scattered cultural pockets of the Kot Dijian population moved towards the axial belt of the ellipse of the Indus basin, living together, intermarrying, and merging their identities in a new cultural milieu, more advanced. refined.
tolerant and absorbing. Of course, the efforts of a few growing seasons of cotton were not sufficient to achieve a full-grown civili- zation. It must have taken several centuries finally to succeed, and in the process to undergo a transformation from good intentions to the discipline of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This oversimplified but graphic sketch of the first ‘Cotton Rush’ may lie at the root of the rise of a mighty cotton empire. which the Mesopotamians have called ‘Melluha’ in their tablets of economic texts. The inhabitants of this empire growing richer each year sought for the better comforts that their wealth could procure.
The expanding business of cotton trading congregated in some favourable spots, which gradually grew into mighty cities with residential houses, business centres, dyer’s quarters, smithies. carpentery shops, paved boulevards, covered drainage, water sup- plies and most important of all-an administrative complex with its treasury, courts, exchequer’s office, governor’s residence, priest’s cloisters. etc.
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Irshad Ali Solangi
The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro are the best preserved urban settlement in South Asia dating back to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, and exercised a considerable influence on the subsequent development of urbanization. The archaeological ruins are located on the right bank of the Indus River, 510 km north-east from Karachi, and 28 km from Larkana city, Larkana District in Pakistan’s Sindh Province. The property represents the metropolis of Indus civilization, which flourished between 2,500-1,500 BC in the Indus valley and is one of the world’s three great ancient civilizations.
The discovery of Moenjodaro in 1922 revealed evidence of the customs, art, religion and administrative abilities of its inhabitants. The well planned city mostly built with baked bricks and having public baths; a college of priests; an elaborate drainage system; wells, soak pits for disposal of sewage, and a large granary, bears testimony that it was a metropolis of great importance, enjoying a well organized civic, economic, social and cultural system.
Moenjodaro comprises two sectors: a citadel area in the west where the Buddhist stupa was constructed with unbaked brick over the ruins of Moenjodaro in the 2nd century AD, and to the east, the lower city ruins spread out along the banks of the Indus. Here buildings are laid out along streets intersecting each other at right angles, in a highly orderly form of city planning that also incorporated systems of sanitation and drainage.
Criterion (ii): The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro comprise the most ancient planned city on the Indian subcontinent, and exerted great influence on the subsequent urbanization of human settlement in the Indian peninsular.
Criterion (iii): As the most ancient and best preserved urban ruin in the Indus Valley dating back to the 3rd millennium BC, Moenjodaro bears exceptional testimony to the Indus civilization.
Integrity
The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro comprise burnt brick structures covering 240 ha, of which only about one third has been excavated since 1922. All attributes of the property are within the boundaries established for proper preservation and protection. All significant attributes are still present and properly maintained. However the foundations of the property are threatened by saline action due to a rise of the water table of the Indus River. This was the subject of a UNESCO international campaign in the 1970s, which partially mitigated the attack on the mud brick buildings.
Authenticity
The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro comprise the first great urban center of the Indus civilization built 5000 years ago with burnt brick structures. The property continues to express its Outstanding Universal Value through its planning, form and design, materials and location. The setting of the property is vulnerable to the impact of development in its vicinity.
Protection and management requirements
The Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro are being protected by National and Regional laws including the Antiquities Act 1975 from the threats of damage, pillage and pilferage and of new developments in and around the boundaries of the property. There is a management system to administer the property, protect and conserve the attributes that carry Outstanding Universal Value, and address the threats to and vulnerabilities of the property as outlined above. A comprehensive Master Plan has been prepared by the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan to identify the actual extent of the archaeological area of Moenjodaro. However during the process of approval of the Master Plan, the archaeological area of Moenjodaro has been transferred from the Federal Department of Archaeology to the Culture Department, Government of Sindh. Under the Constitution Act 2010 (18th Amendment), the Culture Department, Government of Sindh is now responsible for the proper up-keep and maintenance of the property.
In order to tackle the potential weaknesses as mentioned in the statements of authenticity and integrity there is a site office supported by a scientific laboratory to deal with the issues of conservation and other problems in a scientific way with traditional methods. The problems of salt action, thermal stress and rain are dealt with through a holistic approach involving application of mud slurry, mud capping, re-pointing and other consolidation works such as under- pinning in order to retain the authenticity and integrity of the property. Besides the above threats there is the danger of flood which was mitigated to some extent by constructing embankments and spurs. However, a breach of the dam upstream would cause catastrophic damage. The Department is therefore undertaking regular monitoring of the dam and is seeking secure funding from the Government, NGOs and other donor countries in order to strengthen it
Spainsh tourists Visited Mohenjo daro Pakistan
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Welcome to North Pakistan
The tomb of Bibi Jawindi from 1493, the tombs of Nuriya and Baha ‘al Halim, mosque of Mahboob Subhani, the mosque at the shrine of Jahaniyan Jahangasht, entry to the shrine of Jahaniyan Jahangasht, exposed interior of the tomb of Baha’al Halim
The tomb of Bibi Jawindi from 1493, the tombs of Nuriya and Baha ‘al Halim, mosque of Mahboob Subhani, the mosque at the shrine of Jahaniyan Jahangasht, entry to the shrine of Jahaniyan Jahangasht, exposed interior of the tomb of Baha’al Halim
Derawar Fort is a fortress in Ahmadpur East Tehsil of Bahawalpur District in the Punjab, Pakistan. Approximately 20 km south of the city of Ahmedpur East, the forty bastions of Derawar are visible for many miles in the Cholistan Desert. The walls have a perimeter of 1500 metres and stand up to thirty metres high.